Most individuals will need a visa to enter Libya, except nationals from exempt countries and those eligible for tourist visas on arrival. This includes Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia and Turkey.

Expats moving to Libya for work will be glad to learn that most of the burden of proof for business visas and work permits falls on the hiring company.

Tourist visas for Libya

Tourist visas for Libya are only available through tour operators or visa agencies, as most embassies currently do not issue them due to safety concerns. Visa agencies will typically collect an applicant's documentation and send it to the embassy for approval. The application is usually processed within two to 15 working days, so prospective visitors should plan accordingly. 

Single entry tourist visas obtained on arrival are typically valid for 90 days from the date of issue for a 30-day stay. There are also two types of multiple-entry visas, valid for 90 and 180 days respectively, but these are not available for issue on arrival and must be applied for ahead of time.

Note that anyone holding travel documents containing a visa (valid or expired) for Israel, or any evidence of entry into Israel, will be refused entry into Libya. Nationals from Sudan, Pakistan, Yemen, Bangladesh, Iran and Syria are also banned from entering the country. 

Work visas for Libya

Before they can enter the country, applicants require a letter of invitation from the sponsoring company. This can be a time-consuming process. It's best to apply as early as possible to avoid delays.

The sponsoring company for a visa or work permit will initiate the application process by formally requesting the visa from within Libyan borders. Expats will need to supply their future employer with basic details to facilitate this process.

Once the employer applies to the Libyan embassy, a reference number is issued and the application is officially recorded in the system. At this point, expats should contact the Libyan Consulate in their country and request a visa application form. They will cross-check the reference number and email the necessary documents.

The documents that need to be sent to the consulate vary, but may include a formal letter of invitation, passport photos, the visa fee, and the complete visa application form. The application process can take up to six months.

Lastly, it is a good idea to have documents officially translated into Arabic as well.

Exit and re-entry visas for Libya

If leaving Libya for a holiday or a business trip, expats will need to visit a police station at their destination within the first week of arrival and have their passport stamped. Expats living in Libya on a resident visa must formally obtain an exit/re-entry visa each time they depart and return to the country. The exception to this rule is if the expat is in possession of a multi-entry resident visa – it is therefore best to apply for this category from the start.

*Visa regulations are subject to change at short notice, and expats should contact their respective embassy or consulate for the latest details.

Accommodation in Libya has evolved over the years as expat demand has increased. Now, many more options for fancy facilities and modern villas exist within the major cities of Tripoli and Janzour. In many cases, employers arrange accommodation for their expat employees prior to their arrival in Libya. Housing prices vary depending on the area one chooses to live in.

Except for citizens from Malta, it isn’t possible for foreigners to own property in Libya.

Types of accommodation in Libya

The housing market in Libya has seen great development over the last few years. Expats looking for accommodation have a wide variety of options to choose from.

Apartments

Libya’s capital city, Tripoli, has an abundance of apartments. Apartment blocks can range from smaller two- or three-storey buildings to large 10-storeys. Apartments are highly popular and usually don’t stay on the market very long. 

Villas

In Libya, the term 'villa' refers to what most Westerners would think of as a typical house. There is no standard size or layout for villas. In cities such as Janzour, villas with multiple levels, large yards and landscaping are typical. Some may even have private swimming pools. In larger cities such as Tripoli, yards will typically be much smaller, but will still be enclosed by a wall or fence.

Traditional houses

Expats hoping for cheaper accommodation may consider renting a traditional house called a hosh. These houses tend to be older and rarely stand alone. A hosh may lack the luxurious finishes associated with villas, but they stay much cooler during the hot Libyan summers.

Gated communities

Finally, the most expensive option for foreigners is gated communities. These can range from large communities, such as Palm City, to smaller compounds that contain 10 to 15 villas. Gated communities often have their own shops, restaurants and supermarkets as well as shared facilities such as swimming pools.

Gated communities are usually preferred by expats as there is a built-in feeling of security and community. It also gives expats an area where they can freely mingle with other foreigners, and it reduces the feelings of alienation.

Finding accommodation in Libya

At first, finding accommodation in Libya may seem a daunting task. If at all possible, expats should ask their employer to help them find safe and suitable accommodation. If an expat doesn’t speak Arabic or French, the language barrier may make the process difficult.

The best approach to finding accommodation in Libya is by approaching a real-estate agent. There are many established companies who have experience with helping foreigners find housing. Expats should ensure they understand the agent’s fees and conditions before they start looking for properties. Typically, an agent’s commission is the equivalent of one month's rent on a one-year lease and half a month's rent on a six-month lease.

Word of mouth is also a popular way of getting things done in Libya. Expats who have friends or colleagues already living in the country should not be shy to use these contacts to find housing. Alternatively, in recent years, Libya has seen an increase in online property sites. Expats should note though that many of these sites don’t keep their listings current, and many properties may already have been rented out. Social media is another powerful resource that expats can employ during their house hunt. Local neighbourhood groups often have listings, so expats should check the group for the specific neighbourhoods they want to live in. 

www.estatelibya.com
www.tripolipropertiesonline.com

Furnished vs unfurnished 

House hunters will need to decide whether they want a furnished or unfurnished accommodation. Those who are pressed for time and would prefer to move in immediately would be well suited for furnished housing. The only disadvantage to this option is the cost, which is often much higher than unfurnished housing. 

Furnished housing will typically include everything from furniture such as couches and beds to appliances such as stoves and refrigerators. Some luxury furnished properties will even come with decor items such as lamps and paintings. Whereas unfurnished accommodation will typically include cupboards, mattresses and bed frames only. 

Most expats who move to Libya for a short-term assignment prefer renting fully furnished accommodation, as this is the most convenient option for them. Those who are in the country long term will usually opt for the unfurnished option, which gives them the opportunity to curate the space and make it their own. 

Short lets and temporary housing

Many new arrivals in Libya choose to stay in temporary housing while securing long-term house. It is usually a more cost effective and convenient alternative to hotels. Holiday rental sites such as Airbnb are a fantastic option for fully furnished and serviced short-term rentals. 

Signing a lease

Rental contracts in Libya vary quite dramatically. It is important that expats fully understand the terms of the lease they are signing. It is recommended that expats ask a friend or colleague who understands Arabic to look over the contract before signing anything. Most housing contracts in Libya are for six months and above, though one-year leases are preferred. Homeowners also appreciate payment of the entire contract in advance. However, there are possibilities to negotiate alternative payment plans. 

Renters are usually required to pay a security deposit to secure the property and compensate for any damage that may be caused. The deposit is returned at the end of the lease, provided that the property is left in a suitable condition.

Pets

Many families in Libya do not keep pets, especially dogs. Those who do keep pets generally keep cats, birds or fish. That said, a few apartment buildings, gated communities and villas allow pets. It is best to consult with the landlord and obtain written consent to keep a pet. 

Utilities

Expats should discuss with their landlord who is responsible for utilities during the rental contract negotiations. If they are responsible, it is essential that they take a picture of the meter to record the usage when they move in and make sure all electricity bills are up-to-date. They should also ask to see if another tenant is sharing their meter. Electricity bills weren't paid during the revolution, so expats should ensure they are not paying for services they did not use. 

Water is free of charge in Libya, so expats will only have to budget for electricity, internet and cable costs. It is also important to secure a generator for the country's frequent power cuts. 

Termination of the lease

Tenants should ensure they clean the property thoroughly and return it in the same condition as far as possible, this includes fixing broken appliances. Landlords in Libya tend to deduct from a tenant's deposit if anything in the property is not functional, even as a result of normal wear and tear. This is however not always the case, but it is something expats should be prepared for. 

If, after inspection, the property is found to be in a satisfactory condition, expats can expect to receive their full deposit back within seven to 14 days of vacating the house or apartment. 

*Libya's UN-backed Government of National Accord (GNA) has declared a state of emergency. Several foreign governments, including the US, UK and Australia, have advised on their websites that citizens should not travel to Libya.

Libya is a Middle Eastern country in the Maghreb region of North Africa with a large coastline on the Mediterranean Sea. Expats moving to Libya will find a country still recovering from a violent civil uprising which began in February 2011. Despite the end of the conflict in October 2011 following al-Gaddafi’s death, the security situation in Libya remains uncertain and protests and violent clashes between opposition groups and clan factions continue to occur sporadically across the country.

Living in Libya as an expat

Needless to say, Libya is not the expat destination that it once was. Although some foreign companies and expats who left Libya at the height of the conflict have slowly trickled back, the situation remains uncertain and jobs are not guaranteed. Expats seeking work opportunities in Libya should consider their options carefully and continue to monitor developments closely. 

Libya is an Islamic nation, and Western expats may experience a degree of culture shock in this conservative society in which nightlife is limited, alcohol is banned and eating out is nowhere near as frivolous an experience as in the Western world.

Most expats moving to Libya are concentrated in Tripoli, nearby Janzour, or in Benghazi. Misurata and Zawia also attract their fair share of expats. It’s rare that foreigners relocate to Libya without confirmed employment, most of which is in the hydrocarbon or construction industries. As a result, many expats have their accommodation, visas, healthcare and even their children's education arranged by a relocation agency or by their employer. The demand for university ESL teachers is also high across Libya and attracts many expats.

Cost of living in Libya

The cost of living in Libya is exceedingly reasonable, and thanks to lucrative relocation packages, expats moving here enjoy an excellent quality of life. Everything from petrol and groceries to public transport is cheap. Perhaps the biggest expenses facing expats in Libya are accommodation and back-up power. The country faces extensive and frequent power cuts, which necessitate having a generator. 

Fast and reliable internet and cable are also quite expensive relative to the general price of goods and services in Libya. Expats will also need to budget for a comprehensive private health insurance policy that covers medical evacuation to neighbouring countries in case of emergency. 

Families and children in Libya

Expats may find that the public education standards in Libya are well below what they're used to. It is only in recent years that more options have become available for expat children – although choices remain few, the handful of international schools available are generally well organised and reputable. These are generally pricey, so it is best for expat parents to negotiate an education allowance in their employment package. 

Climate in Libya

The climate in Libya is influenced by the Mediterranean Sea in the north and the Sahara desert in the south. This results in diverse and unpredictable weather conditions. The north of the country experiences dry summers and wet winters, while the south is known for pre-desert and desert conditions that with sweltering daily temperatures.  

Libya is a developing country and one that has been severely impacted by a devastating conflict. Expats moving to Libya should not expect a vibrant modern country replete with cultural, retail and nightlife opportunities, but one where uncertainty rules and every day is an adventure. The uncertain security situation is another major deterrent for now, and one that will hopefully be resolved before long.

Fast facts

Population: Approximately 7.08 million

Major religion: Islam

Capital city: Tripoli

Legal system: Provisional government

Main languages: Arabic (official), English (tourist centres, business)

Time: GMT +2

Electricity: 127/230 V, 50 Hz. Round three-pin plugs are used.

Money: The Libyan Dinar (LYD) is the official currency, and it is divided into 1,000 dirhams. 

Tipping: Not common, and may be offensive. That said, tipping tour guides is appreciated.

International dialling code: +218. City codes include (0)21 for Tripoli and (0)22 for Tripoli International Airport.

Emergency numbers: 1515 (police and fire) and 193 (ambulance)

Internet domain: .ly

Drives on the: Right

Libya is a massive country, boasting extensive oil reserves and a beautiful desert landscape. Expats moving to Libya are sure to have many questions about life in this destination. Here are answers to some of the most frequently asked questions about Libya.

Is it safe to pursue jobs in Libya now?

The security situation in Libya remains uncertain and is subject to change. Currently, foreigners are warned not to travel to Libya for any reason. Infrastructure and basic services are limited in Libya’s main towns.

Should I live within an expat compound in Libya?

Accommodation for expats moving to Libya is usually organised by an employer or sponsor. Depending on the company, they may opt to put all employees in one of the expat compounds usually situated just outside the main city, or they may choose rather to give employees an allowance with which they can select their own accommodation. Although expats can rent a villa or an apartment from a Libyan landlord within city limits, they should be mindful to make sure that all appliances, structural components and amenities are in order. Libyan landlords can prove neglectful once they’ve received the annual payment up front.

The expat compounds are great options for families given the on-site facilities, security and sense of community. They also cultivate camaraderie among fellow foreigners who have moved abroad.

Does Libya have a reliable healthcare system, or should I consider looking abroad for treatment?

Due to Libya’s long-time international sanctions, the country’s healthcare system was forced to develop without any type of international influence. As a result, facilities are not up to par, and hospitals are often understaffed and ill-equipped. It is highly recommended to seek treatment for serious complications abroad – so expats should engage the services of a health insurance provider that covers emergency evacuation procedures. There are some private clinics manned predominately by expats that have elevated levels of care but, again, these are not prepared to handle grave situations.

What do I need to get a business visa in Libya?

It's not possible to get a business or work visa for Libya without sponsorship from an employer. Once a business endorses an expat and initiates the application process from within Libyan borders, the expat must formally request a visa application from the Libyan consulate in their country of origin. They should then send the completed form and all necessary documentation to the consulate for processing, and be prepared to wait.

Can my child attend state schools or are there international schools available in Libya?

There is a smattering of international schools in Libya. Many of these are endorsed by corporations, and thus tuition may even be subsidised, depending on the employer. Space is extremely limited due to the small number of institutions, so children should be enrolled as early as possible.

I’ve heard driving in Libya can be dangerous, is there any way to avoid this?

Libya has one of the highest road-death rates in the world. Driving in Libya is extremely dangerous, and should be undertaken with the utmost caution. Libyan traffic officers poorly enforce laws, and Libyan drivers are erratic and unpredictable. Always exercise extreme caution and defensive driving techniques. It’s best to avoid driving at night.

As a woman moving to Libya, what do I need to keep in mind?

Women in Libya are entitled to a greater degree of individual freedom than in many other Middle Eastern countries. Most national legislation does not discriminate against women, but equality is still nonetheless skewed. Women have freedom of dress, but still, most appear conservatively clothed and often carry a light scarf for a situation that may require more modesty. Though they have the right to appear in public alone, it is not recommended for a woman to appear solo after nightfall.

Are Western items available in the shops?

This is increasingly the case, but the range of stock is still very limited. It is advisable to bring electronic items and transformers and any Western luxury items along when moving to Libya. The local fruits and vegetables are of high quality and also very reasonably priced. The most difficult Western amenities to find are cosmetic products. 

Because of the ongoing tension, the banking infrastructure in Libya is often unreliable. Due to this instability, many international banks have also been withdrawing from the country. This means most banks in Libya are state-run. Though it is possible to open a bank account, most foreign workers prefer to have their salaries deposited into offshore bank accounts.

When leaving Libya to go to another country for a holiday, we recommend expats get a receipt for any money exchanged at the bank. Sometimes, in an attempt to minimise money laundering, the airport authorities will ask if an expat is taking any Libyan currency or even other currencies out of the country.

Money in Libya

The currency in Libya is the Libyan Dinar (LYD), which is divided into the following denominations:

    • Coins: 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 dirhams and ½, ¼ dinars

    • Notes: 1 LYD, 5 LYD, 10 LYD, 20 LYD, 50 LYD

Banking in Libya

The Central Bank of Libya (CBL) is the monetary authority in Libya. This bank issues currency and oversees all the other state and private banks. Several commercial banks have branches located throughout Libya.

Though it is possible for expats to open a local account with their residency papers and passport, most opt to use their international accounts instead. Money can easily be wired into Libya using Western Union and MoneyGram, although transaction limits apply.

Interest rates at banks in Libya as well as banking services offered vary greatly. It’s best to compare institutions when choosing where to bank. Factors to consider include fees and the number of branches and ATMs available in the country.

Credit cards and ATMs

As a largely cash-based society, credit cards are not widely accepted in Libya. ATMs are common in Tripoli and Benghazi, though many of these aren’t very reliable and banks charge high rates for use. Some of these machines accept only Visa, while others will take both Visa and Mastercard.

Expats withdrawing money in Libya from off-shore banks will want to arrange accounts with major international players; many of the small credit union banks have trouble connecting with the ATMs in Libya. It's also advised to set a maximum daily limit on the ATM card before relocation as a precaution against theft.

Taxes in Libya

Anyone working and receiving a salary in Libya is liable to pay personal income tax. Most foreigners working in Libya hire a tax expert to ensure that they pay their taxes correctly. An expat’s employer may also be able to help them establish their tax liabilities.

Expats moving to Libya usually have secure job offers already in place. Expats often place emphasis on salary when approached with a job offer in Libya, and the money offered to skilled expats will certainly make the country a more attractive option. Most expats are employed in the petroleum industry, which Libya’s economy heavily depends on. 

Expats working in Libya will find themselves in a conservative Islamic country, and business will often be conducted in accordance with this. Arabic is the official language of Libya, and expats will do well to have at least a basic understanding of the language. English and French are also widely spoken in business circles.

Job market in Libya

Expats considering working in Libya will almost certainly be pigeon-holed into employment by one of the hydrocarbon companies that dominate the economy.

In a country where the majority of export earnings are attributed to the country’s oil resources, foreigners skilled in this field are most likely to secure lucrative employment. 

Construction is another main sector of employment in Libya. This industry supports projects commissioned by the Organisation for the Development of Administrative Centres and other arms of government, such as the Ministry of Housing and the Ministry of Infrastructure. Other important industries include mining, agriculture and energy, and expats are also increasingly finding work teaching English.

Finding a job in Libya

Expats looking to move to Libya should secure an employment contract before arriving in the country. All foreigners require a visa to enter Libya. We'd advise that expats don't arrive in the country intending to find work.

There are several websites focused on employment opportunities for expats in Libya. A good starting point is sites such as expatcareers.com. Newspapers such as the Libya Herald, which is available online in English, may also be useful resources. Ultimately, most expats will be approached by international companies or even transferred through the company they are already working for.

Work culture in Libya

Business in Libya is conducted in a formal yet polite and friendly manner. Punctuality and a smart appearance are essential; businessmen wear suits and ties, and women should dress modestly.

As with other countries in the region, expats in Libya must be respectful of the local Islamic customs. Many businessmen won't be available during Ramadan, and as Friday is the Islamic holy day, the working week runs from Sunday to Thursday.

English is widely spoken and understood, but basic knowledge of Arabic won't go unappreciated. People with titles should be addressed using their title and surname. Business cards should be printed in both English and Arabic and if someone offers their card, expats should treat it with reverence.

Numerous companies ship to Libya, specifically to Tripoli and Benghazi, which are major ports. Sometimes an expat's employer will have an in-house or preferred removals or relocation company that aims to make the move as smooth as possible. Relocation companies can be hired to assist with every aspect of the move, from furniture transportation to school enrolment.

Banned and restricted goods in Libya

It should be noted that Libya has strict rules on what may and may not be brought into the country. Apart from the obvious – weapons, ammunition, narcotics and pornography – there are bans on various medicines, including codeine, and alcohol. It is advisable to check with the removals company before departure, as being caught with ‘banned’ items can result in serious consequences.

It is likely that all music, books, CDs and DVDs will be subject to inspection or censorship at customs. Anything that is considered to contravene either Islamic morality or the Libyan government will not be allowed into the country.

A healthcare crisis currently exists in Libya due to the ongoing conflict. The vast majority of foreign health workers have left the country, which has left hospitals severely understaffed. The militarisation of healthcare facilities has also affected access. The looting and destruction of medical facilities have led to medicine and equipment shortages and overall increases in the price of medicines.

Public healthcare in Libya

With the healthcare system in such a state, organisations such as Doctors Without Borders have a large presence in the country. It has set up mobile clinics in Tripoli and surrounding areas. These clinics mostly focus on infections, diarrhoea and skin diseases.

Libyan locals often pursue medical facilities abroad for the more chronic conditions that plague the country’s population, such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.

It is therefore highly recommended that expats consider medical options abroad if a serious condition arises. That means a medical insurance package should provide for emergency repatriation.

Private healthcare in Libya

Medical facilities in Libya are limited, and it is essential for expats to become a member of a private clinic.

Medilink is a private clinic that functions according to either a basic membership and pay-as-you-go service fees, or all-inclusive style membership. The Medilink Clinic in Tripoli is staffed by English-speaking expat doctors, and is a popular choice for those accustomed to Western standards of healthcare. The clinic offers family and emergency services. Many expats employed by oil companies and other corporate employees and their families are known to be paying members.

Health insurance in Libya

It's important that expats have private health insurance while in Libya. Nonetheless, many times doctors will expect payment in cash immediately. Still, private healthcare provides safety and superior service to the ailing public sector. Expats should negotiate private health insurance as part of their employment contracts.

Upon arrival in Libya, expats should register at a clinic of their choice, and carry the clinic card on their person as a means of identification in case of an accident.

Pharmacies and medicines in Libya

Pharmacies and medication in Libya are limited, as there are medication shortages in the country. Expats should ensure they pack all essential medication for the duration of their trip. It is important that expats reach out to their consulate or embassy to verify the details of medication allowances and restrictions. 

Health hazards in Libya

Expats will need several vaccinations to travel safely in Libya. Hepatitis A and B and typhoid are all prevalent in Libya and new arrivals should ensure they protect themselves against these infectious diseases. It is also recommended for expats to avoid tap water or swimming in fresh water. 

New arrivals should also protect themselves from flea and mosquito bites as far as possible. Rabid animals are a commonality in Libya, so expats should avoid petting or touching unfamiliar animals while in the country. 

Emergency services in Libya 

Emergency services in Libya are largely inadequate. In an emergency situation, expats should try to contact humanitarian aid organisations for assistance. Failing this, expats can dial 1515 for an ambulance and police services. 

Expats should note that travelling to Libya is not recommended. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) advise against all travel to Libya due to the ongoing fighting, threat of terrorist attacks and kidnapping of foreigners (including from ISIL-affiliated extremists), as well as a dangerous security situation throughout the country.

Political contestation at the highest levels of government and continued militia presence in some areas, including Tripoli and Benghazi, are major medium-term obstacles. Ethnic tensions and civil war have resulted in severe internal instability and conflict at times. Clashes between rival groups are frequently reported in the country’s central and southern areas, while a growth in the presence of Islamist-leaning militia groups in eastern Libya, specifically around Benghazi, are worrying signs.

Crime in Libya

The crime rate in Libya is growing and has been fuelled by the easy availability of weapons, high levels of unemployment, a poorly resourced police force and the presence of numerous non-state militia groups.

Serious armed crime, such as carjacking, robbery and burglary, is common in major cities. Petty street crimes are also a concern. The possibility of being affected increases if common sense precautions are not adopted or if one's property is left unattended in public or in plain view, such as in a vehicle. Expats should invest in adequate residential security measures.

Kidnapping in Libya

There is a very high threat of kidnapping throughout Libya from armed tribes, criminals and terrorists, including those who have affiliated with ISIL. In many cases, foreigners are targeted. 

Protests in Libya

Protests in Libya are motivated by local disputes, concerns and political developments. Libya is likely to remain susceptible to unrest in the future. During periods of unrest, the threat to expats is considered incidental only.

Road safety in Libya

Driving standards in Libya are poor, and the country has a high traffic-accident rate. The situation is exacerbated by lax enforcement of traffic laws and poor road conditions, particularly outside main cities and towns, and poorly maintained vehicles. The threat of accidents increases further at night and during sandstorms, when visibility is greatly reduced. 

Checkpoints are a common feature across main towns in Libya. These can be manned by former rebel fighters, as well as interim government troops and police. These checkpoints are designed to stem the flow of weaponry in the respective cities and ensure that anti-government elements and former regime supporters are not able to transit into the respective cities to conduct attacks.

Many of the checkpoints are manned by inexperienced and poorly trained personnel, which raises the possibility of misunderstandings and security threats. 

Libya is an Islamic country, and the majority of its population are devout Muslims. That said, Libya provides a mild-mannered dose of the Middle Eastern religious culture.

As long as expats remember to remain respectful of the tenets of Islam during their time in Libya, they should find friction rare and easily reconciled. 

In fact, the root of the largest source of anxiety and nervousness in expats moving to Libya is the lack of information available to prepare for the move. People are often taken aback on arrival by the presence of shopfronts boasting Western-style clothing, and supermarkets coloured with ripe, fresh produce. Though the country has one of the strictest bans on alcohol and drugs in the world, its attachment to other areas of conservative extremes has waned over the past decade.

Women in Libya

Women are now able to drive, though society still remains gender segregated – necessitating that expat women have male companions for many daily activities that would normally be carried out independently in a Western setting. For security reasons, it’s best for a woman to show that she is married or 'protected' by a male when out in public.

Shopping alone is allowed, but not common. Most women shop in groups or with male relatives. A woman going alone to a sidewalk café is also frowned upon – although women are not banned from doing so, these are generally reserved for men. When eating out, women will go as a group, or better still, with their male relatives.

Dress in Libya

Dress code in Libya is largely dependent on the area of the country  – the larger cities nurture more freedom, while the smaller desert towns adhere to a more conservative culture. 

In the cities, men are free to wear t-shirts and shorts below the knees. Women are accepted in three-quarter-length pants and skirts, t-shirts and long sleeves, with no need for headscarves. There are even a number of designated expat beaches where Western-style bathing suits are accepted. Nevertheless, women should avoid wearing anything too revealing, as this may attract unwanted male attention.

Once outside city limits, expat numbers decrease and the dress code becomes understandably more modest. Long sleeves and full-length skirts or trousers are recommended for women. Women may also want to always carry a light shawl in anticipation of unexpected situations that require further modesty. 

Language barrier in Libya

With Arabic being the official language of Libya, the language barrier can be the cause of a good deal of consternation and confusion. However, expats will find that people do speak some English and are eager to practise their skills. 

The majority of all signs and postings are also written in Arabic. So at least learning to read the language is beneficial. Do remember, though, that there are many dialects of Arabic, depending on the region, so it’s best to research this beforehand.

The Dawa Islamia Centre in Maidan Jazeera in Tripoli holds free language classes. IH-Elite School (in Hai-alandulus) and ALTEC (in Benashur) have classes as well.

Lastly, 50 percent of expats living in Libya speak French as a first language, so knowing some French will make adaptation into social circles much easier. Knowing Italian can also be quite handy.

Ramadan in Libya

Ramadan, the month in which Muslims believe the Q'uran was revealed, is a period where followers of the Islamic religion abstain from all food, drink and all other sensual pleasure between sunrise and sunset. The fast aims to instil discipline and self-restraint in believers. 

As a Muslim country, Libya is accordingly affected. Working hours are adjusted to allow employees to return home and make the necessary arrangements for their daily fast-breaking meals. Businesses and shops remain open for most of the day, close shortly before sunset, and then reopen after evening prayers late into the night.

Most importantly, expats living in Libya should take note that restaurants close during the day and eating in public is largely taboo, even for non-Muslims.

The dates for Ramadan vary every year according to the Islamic lunar calendar. These are usually publicised well ahead of time.

The cost of living in Libya is relatively cheap, especially if expats choose to prepare their own meals with local produce and avoid spending money eating out or purchasing Western food, gadgets and luxuries.

Expats should expect to pay unusually high prices for personal care items such as cosmetics and toiletries. As these are still relatively small expenses, it does not create a major dent in one's finances. Telephone rentals and internet connections are also on the expensive side for a country with a low cost of living. Again, these payments are not overwhelming when compared with larger expenses.

Transport, local groceries, furniture, appliances and clothing are all reasonably priced, and serve to keep day-to-day expenses for expats at a minimum. 

Cost of public transport in Libya

Public transport in Libya is limited to taxis and buses, and is very cheap. Many expats prefer to hire a car and driver on a wet lease. This means that fuel, servicing and the driver’s wages are all included.

Cost of electricity in Libya

Libya's political, economic and social crises have been having an effect on its electricity supply. It is not uncommon for electricity to be cut off unexpectedly. Some businesses and private citizens rely on generators to supply electricity, but this can be a big expense.

Expats should try and negotiate an accommodation allowance that covers the cost of utilities such as electricity and water.

Cost of internet and television in Libya

Libyan embassies

• Libyan Embassy, Washington, DC, United States: +1 202 944 9601

• Libyan Embassy, London, United Kingdom (also responsible for Ireland): +44 20 7201 8280

• Libyan Embassy, Ottawa, Canada: +1 613 842 7519

• Libyan Embassy, Canberra, Australia: +61 2 6290 7900

• Libyan Embassy, Pretoria, South Africa: +27 12 342 3902

Foreign embassies in Libya*

• United States Embassy, Tunisia (currently responsible for Libya): +216 71 107 000

• British Embassy, Tunisia (currently responsible for Libya): +216 71 108 700

• Canadian Embassy, Tunisia (currently responsible for Libya): +216 70 010 200

• Australian Consulate-General, Tripoli: +218 21 335 1468/69

• South African Embassy, Tripoli: +218 21 333 7006

* Foreign diplomatic relations in Libya may be suspended due to instability in the country

Expats should note that many areas have become occupied by rebel forces, and therefore any sightseeing should be done with safety precautions. 

Contrary to popular belief Libya is not just one big desert, and expats will find that with a little effort and ingenuity there’s certainly some options to see and do many things of interest.

Throughout its history Libya has been selected by many great and ancient empires as a centre of trade across the north of Africa, consequently the nation is home to a large collection of not-to-be-missed Greek, Roman and other classically inspired ancient ruins.

This rich historical influence paired with thousands of miles of untouched Mediterranean coast and the endless poetry of sea siding up against the Sahara desert makes Libya a destination ripe with the potential for expat sightseeing and exciting weekend breaks.

Recommended sightseeing in Libya

Cyrene

Second in significance only to Leptis Magna, Cyrene is a must-see. It ranks as the best preserved of the Greek cities of Cyrenaica, with its temples, tombs, agora, gymnasium and theatre originally modelled on those at Delphi. Apart from the fabulous Greek ruins, its high location overlooking the sea is mesmerising.

Sabratha

In the Zawia region in the north-western corner of current Libya, Sabratha was the westernmost of the "three cities" of Tripolis. It lies on the Mediterranean coast about 65km (40 miles) west of Tripoli. The archaeological site was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982.

Leptis Magna

If one can only see one archaeological site in Libya, make it Leptis Magna. Regarded as the best Roman site in the Mediterranean, Leptis Magna's magnificent architecture and enormous scale will amaze even the most ruin-weary traveller.

Ghadames

Ghadames is one of Libya's most popular tourist attractions. It is considered by some as the best part of the whole of Sahara, often referred to as “The Jewel of the Sahara", and in 1982 was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Jebel Acacus

The Jebel Acacus is an astonishing landscape of shadowy basalt monoliths rising up from the sands of the central Sahara. This World Heritage-listed area is home to unique natural rock formations, as well as prehistoric rock paintings and carvings, some of which date back 12,000 years. One can only visit the region with a guide, who can be organised in Ghat.

~by LiveLibya.com

The weather in Libya varies by region due to the country's large geographic size. Most travellers are drawn to the Mediterranean coastline. This region has hot and dry summers and mild winters. The desert that dominates most of Libya has severe weather – days are extremely hot and nights are cold. 

Rainfall in Libya is sporadic. Autumn and winter mostly have days of drizzle, while humidity generally remains low.

In spring and autumn, Libya experiences the ghibli which is a hot, dry and dusty desert wind that can blow for up to a week, raising temperatures on the coast to 122°F (50°C).

The best time to visit Libya, particularly the coastal areas, is June to October, as temperatures have a more benign average temperature of 80°F (27°C).

*Islamic holidays are based on sightings of the moon and dates on the Gregorian calendar are therefore subject to change.

Libya uses education as a tool of development. The curriculum in public schools is often set according to skills that are required in the working sector. Incentives are also created to encourage students to study in those fields. All of this is done in the hopes of replacing foreign workers with skilled Libyan workers. 

Finding a school in Libya that upholds the standard of education expats expect for their children can seem like a daunting task. Choosing the appropriate school will have a significant impact on the child’s transition to expat life in Libya. 

Public schools in Libya

Basic education is free and compulsory in Libya. Children attend primary school between the ages of six and 12. Typically, this phase of education will focus on classes such as Arabic, Koranic study and Islamic morals, Jamahiriyi society, mathematics and natural sciences. Children in Libya complete the final three years of basic education in middle school. After middle school, at the age of 15, they are awarded a basic education certificate. They then have the choice between finding work or going on to secondary school.

Classes in public schools are taught in Arabic. This language barrier often makes public schooling inaccessible to foreign children. The strong focus on religion and Islam may also lead to large degrees of culture shock for children not raised in the Islamic faith.

Private schools in Libya

There are a limited number of private schools operating in Libya. These schools charge high fees but offer a better standard of teaching with smaller classes. However, they still follow the national curriculum as determined by the Secretariat of Education and Culture. The language of instruction is usually also Arabic in these schools.

International schools in Libya

In the last decade, corporations that have cultivated the expat community in Libya have attempted to improve the transition when it comes to expat children's education. Although choices remain few and waiting lists can cause frustration, there are a handful of reputable international schools available in Libya. 

Most international schools are found in Tripoli. Schools typically start from preschool and run through to the end of high school. The curricula of these schools include French, German and the esteemed International Baccalaureate. The language of instruction will follow the curriculum being followed. Classes are small, and the standards are high.

Due to the high standards and limited spots available, expats should register their children as early as possible to ensure enrolment. There is almost always a non-refundable application fee to be paid for this service. Admission procedures vary from school to school. Fees tend to be prohibitively expensive and often do not cover things such as books and uniforms. Expats relocating for work should attempt to negotiate a schooling stipend as part of their contract.

Special-needs education in Libya

Expat parents of children with disabilities can rest assured that Libya's Ministry of Education aims to provide access to education for all without discrimination. The Department of Education and Integration of Disabled Groups (EIDG) works to assist students with disabilities to complete their education within the public school system. It focuses on working to enhance the efficiency of the integrated educational process for all students, including special groups, and providing direct support to students and teachers, as well as the tools, equipment and training necessary to do so. 

EIDG also works on preparing the appropriate school infrastructure and providing tools and means of facilitation, textbooks, audiovisual and touch resources, and other means of learning for each segment of people with disabilities.

Due to the significant language barrier, parents of disabled children will likely send their kids to international schools, which are generally very well-equipped to integrate and teach children with special needs in an inclusive environment.

Tutors in Libya

In Libya, tutoring is becoming increasingly popular and many parents opt to employ private tutors for their children. Both expats and locals make use of tutors for a variety of reasons including subject-specific learning, language coaching and exam preparation. The right tutor can also help expat children adjust to a new curriculum and new learning environment. Parents should ask their children's school about reputable tutors in their area, or they can browse for one online.

Libya may have been the first African country to reach 100 percent mobile phone penetration, but the nation’s poor telecommunication infrastructure still limits an expat's ability to keep in touch in Libya. 

A large portion of Libyan internet access is still relatively slow. Additionally, the telecommunication system is state-owned, and the service is notoriously poor. 

Internet in Libya

Both the internet and telecommunications domains in Libya are largely micro-managed by government through Libya Telecom and Technology (LTT), a semi-private communications company. Other Internet Service Providers (ISPs) include AlFalak and Modern World Telecom, but these are overshadowed for the most part by LTT’s pseudo-monopoly.

LTT has been the primary communications provider in Libya since 1997, and currently offers internet services in dial-up, ADSL, broadband and satellite forms. 

The only document required for opening an account is a copy of one's ID or passport. Though ADSL tends to be the cheapest and fastest connection, some expats have reported situations where the signal is inaccessible within homes and villas. WiMAX is a pricier alternative, but also has the added benefit of larger bandwidth allowances and the convenience of mobility.

Telecommunications in Libya

It is also recommended that expats install a wireless-based telephone line rather than a landline. This facility can be used similar to a prepaid service, where phone cards are purchased with designated amounts of credit, and calls can be made abroad at cheap rates. Using a prepaid card allows expats to avoid the hefty and usually unwarranted phone bills that tend to arrive with the alternative options. 

Prepaid cards can be purchased in phone shops or in local supermarkets.

Censorship in Libya

Much of the filtering that takes place in Libya is the result of self-censorship.

The government does not play an active role in filtering sites that deal with social, security or internet tool topics. However, political opposition sites and pages that offer critical evaluations of the president do undergo censorship. Official rules cite that all Libyan domains "must not contain obscene, scandalous, indecent, or contrary to Libyan law or Islamic morality words, phrases nor abbreviations".

This type of filtering does not affect an expat’s ability to communicate via applications such as Zoom, Skype, messaging and webcams.

Internet users have also reported that many internet cafés closely monitor their users, as a result of security personnel that have shut down businesses in some situations.